![]() ![]() Share your observations on the process of a print map becoming a digital map.ĭigital Mapping History ESRI’s ArcInfo and ArcView Please visit the HyperCities map library: One created by a city agency and the other created by Bunge. Here is an example of two maps using the same data. His work was community focused and was in part influenced by the 1967 Detroit riots. William Bunge was an early innovator of radical cartography and helped to found the Detroit Geographic Expedition. Radical and critical cartography has seen a recent resurgence in academia and popular media. Historically, inventive methods employed in visualizing change over time has produced infamous graphics such as Minard’s map of Napoleon’s Russian Campaign in 1812.īunge, W. So too, does the representation of the “fourth dimension”, or time, bring about much to contemplate on how best to summarize and eventually effectively visualize geo-temporal data. ![]() Every “flat” map in existence compromises on one geographical element: Shape, Area, Distance or Direction. The representation of 3 dimensional space onto a flat, 2 dimensional platform–a map–brings with it many challenges and compromises (e.g. After having identified the problem, this map allowed Snow to write a letter to the authorities and prompted the end of cholera outbreaks in the locale. Locations of the hand-pumps used to get water from.Įach line represents a death, and a concentration can be seen around a certain street.An accurate representation of the street network and buildings.The spatial data on where the deaths occurred.In order to produce this map a couple of pieces of geographic information needed to come together: While maps have existed throughout human history, the “John Snow Cholera Map” from 1854 illustrates the first time that a map was used to spatially analyze a phenomenon in this case a cholera outbreak within London. In short, in order to preserve one of these elements with highest fidelity, the other elements are to be sacrificed to some degree. ![]() One other issue to note is that maps are a 3D projection on to a 2D surface, what results is a distortion based on the following: Chronology is a representation of sequential data as spatial overlays, often visualized to show relationships, dependencies, and causation through time. Equally important, we may argue, is that the same dependencies that exist in space also exist in time. Waldo Tobler’s statement defines his first law of geography, in ways stating the obvious correlation between objects in space, paving the foundation behind spatial dependencies. “Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.” -Waldo Tobler Why? All of these elements help assist you in reading the map, the context of when and how the map was made, and the purpose of the map. **This list is not exhaustive and there other optional elements that you can include such as border and inset maps. How then might your project utilize these tools? Mapping 101: Elements of a Map* Below are a few examples of just how multi-faceted mapping can be for any discipline, and how the digital can help scope and develop innovative approaches to projects. In fact, your research can dictate the parameter of choices that define your map. ![]() Mapping can be defined in so many different ways, there is no easy answer to these questions. Selection from John Krygier and Denis Wood – Ce N’est Pas Le Monde.” Our Views on Maps: Andy: Albert: ![]()
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